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- $Unique_ID{BRK03584}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Chagas' Disease}
- $Subject{Chagas' Disease American Trypanosomiasis Brazilian Trypanosomiasis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 147:
- Chagas' Disease
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Chagas' Disease) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- American Trypanosomiasis
- Brazilian Trypanosomiasis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section.
-
-
- Chagas' Disease is a parasitic infection involving practically all the
- organs in the body. It is potentially fatal when the heart muscle and
- gastrointestinal tract are severely affected, or it may have a mild, even
- asymptomatic, course. The disease occurs primarily in young children in
- South and Central America, and is transmitted by an insect inhabiting poorly
- constructed houses.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Chagas' Disease has an acute and a chronic stage. These stages represent
- different immunologic reactions against the parasite, which spreads to the
- various organs of the body. The parasite has a preference for skeletal and
- heart muscle, and the central nervous system.
-
- Early stages of acute Chagas' disease are characterized by fever,
- enlargement of lymph nodes, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and swelling
- (edema) of the trunk and especially the face. Painless swelling around the
- orbit of one eye, with mild inflammation of the conjunctiva (the thin
- membrane lining the eyelids and the surface of the eyeball), is typical and
- constitutes the Romana diagnostic sign. Lack of appetite, general malaise,
- and tearing from the eyes accompany these symptoms. Severe inflammation of
- the heart muscle often occurs, and may be fatal. Less commonly,
- meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the brain and its covering membranes)
- occurs causing seizures. Sometimes, this results in permanent brain damage,
- paralysis, or in death.
-
- In chronic Chagas' Disease, the heart muscle, esophagus, and large
- intestine may be involved. Evidence of heart involvement includes irregular
- or slow heart beat. There may be neurological symptoms such as tremor,
- muscle weakness, and mental disorders. Often, symptoms are very mild or
- nonexistent.
-
- Causes
-
- Chagas' Disease is caused by a protozoan microorganism known as a Trypanosoma
- cruzi. It is transmitted by a group of related insects belonging to the
- family reduviidae (e.g., Triatoma). The insect bites an infected individual,
- then bites an uninfected one, contaminating the bite wound, the corners of
- the lips, or eye with its infected feces. The parasite lives in man, and
- sometimes in dogs or cats, so that all of these can act as sources of
- infection.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Chagas' Disease affects mostly small children. It occurs only in South and
- Central America from Argentina and Chile to southern Mexico. However,
- persons coming into the United States from South America are presenting with
- heart problems related to Chagas Disease. The disease is probably
- underdiagnosed in the United States in both adults and children.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Chagas' Disease is closely related to African forms of trypanosomiasis, which
- are transmitted by the tsetse fly and are popularly known as African sleeping
- sickness.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Chagas' Disease should be treated early. Nifurtimox (a derivative of
- nitrofurazone) can destroy the parasite. No satisfactory drug to reverse
- chronic organ damage has been discovered thus far, however.
-
- Chagas' Disease can be prevented by eliminating the insect that transmits
- the disease. Various insecticides can be used to spray houses. Gamma-
- benzene hexachloride has been found effective.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- The orphan drug allopurinol riboside for treatment of Chagas Disease is
- undergoing clinical trials. For more information, physicians can contact:
-
- Burroughs-Wellcome Co.
- 3030 Cornwallis Rd.
- Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
-
- French pharmaceutical manufacturer, FOURNIER, is developing the drug
- LF1695, which may restore the immune system in children with Hodgkin's
- Disease, Schwachman Syndrome, and Chagas Disease. Physicians interested in
- obtaining LF1695 may contact:
-
- Fournier Labs
- BP90, Daix,
- 21121 Fontaine
- Les Dijon, France
-
- Cronassial is being tried on an experimental basis to treat the
- cardioneuropathy effects of Chagas Disease. It is also being studied in
- other countries to treat other peripheral neuropathies. The drug is under
- study in the United States, but is not commercially available here. Trials
- are sponsored in the U.S. by Rorer. It is available in other countries
- including Italy, Spain and Argentina. It is manufactured by Fidia in Italy.
-
- Fidia Farmaceutici Italiani Derivati Industriali e Affini
- Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A
- 35051 Abano Terme (Padova) Italy
- 049 810 444
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- October 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Chagas' Disease, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, N.E.
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- International Tremor Foundation
- 360 W. Superior St.
- Chicago, IL 60610
- (312) 664-2344
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 210.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 352-3, 1865-9, 1920.
-
-